What defines the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are characterized primarily by a decrease or absence of normal emotional responses and behaviors. This includes lowered function and motivation, which reflects an individual’s reduced engagement in daily life and responsibilities. Patients may experience difficulties in initiating and sustaining activities—this can manifest as a lack of interest in social interactions, work, and other essential aspects of life.

In contrast, the other symptoms listed typically represent positive symptoms or represent different issues. Delusions and hallucinations are hallmark positive symptoms, as they indicate the presence of abnormal experiences and thoughts rather than a deficit in functioning. Incoherent speech, while potentially present in some cases, typically indicates disorganized thought processes associated with positive symptoms rather than negative. Acute dystonia refers to an abrupt muscle contraction often associated with drug side effects and does not pertain to the symptoms of schizophrenia itself. Thus, the critical understanding of negative symptoms revolves around that reduction in motivation and functionality, making the correct choice clear.