What are considered positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

The correct characterization of positive symptoms of schizophrenia is the exaggeration of normal functions. Positive symptoms are typically defined as the presence of abnormal experiences or behaviors that are not normally seen in the general population. These include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking or speech, which reflect an excess or distortion of normal psychological functions.

Positive symptoms often manifest as heightened perceptions or expressions, leading to experiences that seem real to the individual but are not based in reality. For example, the experience of hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) or believing that one has special powers (delusions) are forms of exaggerated normal functioning in the realm of perception and cognition.

In contrast, lowered function and motivation, pseudoparkinsonism, and difficulties in social interactions fall under the category of negative symptoms or side effects. Negative symptoms refer to a decrease or loss in the ability to function normally, which includes diminished emotional expression, lack of motivation, and social withdrawal. These symptoms reflect a reduction in normal emotional and behavioral capacities rather than an excess. Thus, they do not fit the definition of positive symptoms in schizophrenia.